Course Program
1. Introduction to the Management and Control of the National Electrical System:
- Structure of the electrical energy system (generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization of electrical energy).
- Principles and constraints for the proper operation of the electrical system.
- Operating states of the system: normal, emergency, and restoration.
- Principles for optimal management of the electrical system under a liberalized regime.
2. Power Generation Plants with Regulating Units:
- Definitions, auxiliary services, main and auxiliary electrical circuits, neutral point condition, protection systems, control systems of the prime mover and synchronous generator.
- Types of plants (thermoelectric with steam turbines, gas turbines, and combined cycle; reservoir hydroelectric, run-of-river and pumped-storage hydroelectric plants) and their techno-economic characteristics.
- Connection of power plants to the third-category grid.
- Ancillary services provided by generation plants in normal, emergency, and restoration conditions.
3. Frequency Control:
- Speed regulation of a single generating unit.
- Primary frequency control in a multi-machine system.
- Secondary frequency regulation.
- Secondary regulation of frequency and power exchange in interconnected systems.
4. Voltage Control:
- Overview of the relationship between voltage amplitude and reactive power.
- Primary regulation of voltage/reactive power and devices used for regulation.
- Introduction to secondary voltage/reactive power regulation.
5. Techno-Economic Principles of Optimal Management and Control of the Electrical System:
- Electricity production costs.
- The problem of economic optimal dispatch of generation.
- Definition of optimal economic energy bids by producers.
6. Introduction to the Electricity Market:
- Market organization, operation, and roles of key stakeholders.
- Energy markets:
Day-ahead market (determination of market “clearing price”, zonal pricing);
Dispatching services market.
7. Introduction to the evolution towards smart grids.
